1. Monoclonality: most neoplasms are monoclonal (as opposed polyclonal.. which are almost always not neoplastic).
-examples: G6PD isoenzymes and other X-linked markers (iduronate-2-sulfatase, phosphoglycerate kinase)
-HUMARA (human androgen receptor gene) is the msot common market used to determine clonality. Method involves looking at the methylation patters next to high-frequency polymorphisms.
-Specific translocations: 8;14 translocation in Burkitt lymphoma.
-In cells of lymphoid origin.
--Bcell origin: immunoglobulins either on the surface or secreted (as in multiple myeloma)
---neoplastic B-cell proliferations will show either kappa or lambda chain specificity but NOT both.
---the immunoglobulin gene rearrangments in neoplasms are all the same (they should normally be different for every single cell).
--Tcell origin: surface receptors are the same or T-cell receptor gene rearragnement is the same (like the immunoglobuline gene in Bcells)
2. Invasion and Metstasis
3. Other Manifestations
-cachexia and wasting
-Endocrine abnormalities
-Paraneoplastic syndromes
-Oncofetal antigens